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Architectural Comparison: A Side-by-Side View

Architectural Comparison: A Side-by-Side View

The following table outlines the key technical and operational differences:

Feature Containers Virtual Machines (VMs)
Virtualization Level Operating System Level Hardware Level
What's Virtualized The OS Kernel The Physical Server (CPU, Memory, Storage)
What's Included Application, Libraries, Dependencies Full Guest OS + Application + Libraries
Size Lightweight (Megabytes) Heavy (Gigabytes)
Startup Time Seconds Minutes
Performance Near-Native (minimal overhead) Good (some overhead from the hypervisor and guest OS)
Isolation Process-Level (strong) Hardware-Level (very strong)
Portability Highly Portable (runs anywhere the container runtime exists) Less Portable (may require adjustment for different hypervisors)
Primary Management Orchestrators (e.g., Kubernetes) Hypervisors (e.g., vSphere, Hyper-V)